Date | Significant Events in Adventure Therapy additions in Yellow ** | Source/Reference |
Pre 1800 | Friends Hospital opens in Philadelphia. A major component of treatment is based on idea that natural environment is healing for the "mentally ill" | cited in Davis-Berman, & Berman, (1994) |
1901 | "Tent therapy" - on the hospital grounds Manhattan State Hospital East to isolate TB patients from other patients. | cited in Davis-Berman, & Berman, (1994) |
1929 | Camp Ahmek, beginning of a "therapeutic approach" to camping | cited in Davis-Berman, & Berman, (1994) |
1946 | Salesmanship Club of Dallas (Campbell Loughmiller) beginning of therapeutic camping movement | http://www.salesmanship.com/pages/history.html |
1968 | Kelly & Baer found delinquents who participated in an Outward Bound program experienced lower recidivism | Gillis, H. L. (1992) |
1979 | Term adventure based counseling termed | Project Adventure, Inc |
1979 | Whakapakari begins in New Zealand | |
1980 | AEEs Professional Group: Adventure Alternatives in Corrections, Mental Health, and Special Populations | http://www.aee.org/pgs/tapg/tapg.html |
1982 | 'Western Venture' (a Therapeutic Wilderness-Adventure Program) commences in Perth, Western Australia by Dawn Belcher (Psych), which runs for 13 successful years until closed in 1995. Program model and name changes to 'WYLD Camps Project' in 1995. | Stuart, A. (1996) Wilderness-Adventure Therapy Programming: Taking-de-youfs-into-de-wilderness! (unpublished project description). |
1983 | Publication of the Conscious Use of Metaphor in Outward Bound | |
1984 | Colorado Outward Bound begins treatment program | |
1988 | Publication of Adventure Based Counseling | Project Adventure |
1989 | First wilderness- enhanced behavior managers program piloted in Australia | |
1990 | Michelle Sutton dies during the first desert trek - Summit Quest | Morgenstern, J. (1995) |
1990 | Kristen Chase dies in Challenger Foundation wilderness therapy program | Morgenstern, J. (1995) |
1991 | Ethical Code adopted by AEEs Adventure Alternatives | http://www.aee.org/pgs/tapg/tapg.html |
1992 | First therapeutic program in Quebec State for drug addictive teens, based on fully Ourdoor Experiential Pursuits - Pavillons du Nouveau Point de Vue, Lanoraie, Qc, Ca. | Charbonneau, P. (2001). ). Le modèle plein air Outward Bound : sortir des sentiers battus. LIntervenant, 17,3, 15-17. |
1992 | Fist AUSTRALIAN Wilderness Adventure Therapy program commences in a clinical service - Brief Intervention Program (BIP), Child & Adolescent Mental Health Service Austin Hospital, Melbourne |
Crisp, S.J.R. & ODonnell, M.J. (1998). Wilderness-adventure therapy in
Adolescent Mental Health. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 3, (1), 47-57. |
1992 | Wilderness enhanced programs similar to the Ray Handley model extended to Sydney and further in Australia. | |
1992 | AEEs Adventure Alternatives becomes Therapeutic Adventure Professional Group | http://www.aee.org/pgs/tapg/tapg.html |
1992 | AEELIST (listserv) started | |
1993 | Inaugural Wilderness Intervention Program (WIP) targeting students in Western Australian state high schools | Itin, C.M. (1998). |
1993 | Publication of Adventure Therapy: Therapeutic Applications of Adventure Programming | http://www.aee.org/publications/books/aeebooks.html |
1994 | Publication of Wilderness Therapy | Davis-Berman, & Berman, (1994) |
1994 | Aaron Bacon dies at North Star Expeditions in Utah | Morgenstern, J. (1995) |
1994 | Child and adolescent psychiatry - Heinbcittersport: Start of adventure therapy programs. | |
1995 | Certificate in Social Work (Adventure Therapy) |
www.Waiariki.ac.nz b-gilbert@clear.net.nz |
1995 | Adventure therapy Listserv started | http://www.listserv.uga.edu/archives/advthe-l.html |
1995 | Pilot project with youth people with mental problems/ diseases (psychosis, individual crisis) from our youth psychiatric hospital (Ravensburg) Todays 'with life' following other projects with different themes. | |
1996 | Founding of Adventure therapy program for children with cancer in Canada; related to development of experimental cancer therapy program. | |
1996 | Bachelor in Outdoor adventure therapy at the University in Quebec | |
1996 | First adventure therapy conference in Berlin | |
1996-1997 | First attempt to develop principles of Best Practice in Wilderness & Adventure therapy based on 3 month on-site investigation of 14 programs in USA, UK and NZ |
Crisp, S.J.R. (1998) International Models of Best Practice in Wilderness and
Adventure Therapy: Implications for Australia. In C.M. Itin, Exploring the Boundaries of Adventure Therapy: International Perspectives, Boulder, CO: Assoc. for Experiential Education. |
1997 | 1st International Adventure Therapy Conference, Perth W.A. | Itin, C.M. (1998). |
1998 | Child adolescent psychiatry- Heinbrcittersdorf; Symposium: "Unconventional therapy treatment settings in child and adolescent psychiatry." | |
2000 | Bachelor of Applied Social Science (Adventure Therapy) | b-gilbert@clear.net.nz |
2000 | beginning of Bachelor of Applied Social Science in Adventure Therapy, at the Waiariki Institute of Technology, Rotorua, New Zealand | Specific major related directly to the Professional Practice and Theory of Adventure Therapy. Presentation at 2nd International conference |
2000 | Wilderness Therapy Program On-line Rating and information system developed by Mentor Research Institute | www.Wilderness-Programs.Org |
2000 | 2nd International Adventure Therapy Conference, Augsburg Germany | |
2002-2003 |
TAP - Therapeutic Adventure Project running as a pilot prior to the
establishment of a permanent programme. This pilot uses outdoor experiential
development and cognitive behavioral therapy to help treat children and
young people with ADHD The Residential Phase was Easter 2003 and the community phase begins May 2003. This project is subject to rigorous academic research and has ethical approval from the BMA. |
Lakeside YMCA TAP 2003 Ref Steve Taylor CEO steve@lakesideymca.co.uk |
2002 | 14 year old dies while participating in a forced 3 mile hike in mountains outside of Delta, Utah. | Salt Lake Tribune July 16, 2002 |
2003 | 3rd International Adventure Therapy Conference, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | http://www.adventuretherapy.co.nz/index2.html |
2003 | 4 teens die in wilderness therapy programs in 2003 | teenadvocatesusa.org |
2004 | Outdoor Therapy Institute offers Continuing Education training in Outdoor therapy approved by American Psychological Association | www.Outdoortherapy.org |
2006 | 4th International Adventure Therapy Conference Rotorua New Zealand |
http://www.adventuretherapy.co.nz/ |
Reference List
Davis-Berman, J & Berman, D.S.(1994) Chapter 3: Early Wilderness Programs in Wilderness Therapy: Foundations, Theory & Research Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing
Gass, Michael A., (January 1993) Adventure Therapy : Therapeutic Applications of Adventure Programming. Dubuque Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Gillis, H. L. (1992). Therapeutic Uses of Adventure-Challenge-Outdoor-Wilderness: Theory and Research. Paper presented at the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors Research Symposium Proceedings, Bradford Woods, Indiana.
Gillis, H.L (1998). The journey in Oz: From activity-based psychotherapy to adventure therapy. In C.M. Itin (Ed) Exploring the Boundaries of Adventure Therapy International Perspectives: Proceedings of the 1st International Adventure Therapy Conference, Perth Australia. Boulder, Colorado: Association for Experiential Education.
Gillis, H.L. & Thomsen, D. (1996). A Research Update (1992 - 1995) of Adventure Therapy: Challenge Activities and Ropes Courses, Wilderness Expeditions, & Residential Camping Programs. Martinsville, IN: Bradford Woods, Indiana University: Coalition for Education in the Outdoors Symposium Proceedings
Itin, C.M. (1998). (Ed) Exploring the Boundaries of Adventure Therapy International Perspectives: Proceedings of the 1st International Adventure Therapy Conference, Perth Australia. Boulder, Colorado: Association for Experiential Education.
Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999). Adventure Programming. Venture Publishing.
Morgenstern, J. (1995) A Death in the Desert . Los Angeles Times Magazine January 15, 1995
Priest, S. & Gass, M. (1999) Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming. Human Kinetics Publishing.
Schoel, J., Prouty, D., Radcliffe, P. (1988) Islands of Healing : A Guide to Adventure Based Counseling. Hamilton, MA: Project Adventure, Inc.